@inbook {2023, title = {When Emotional Machines are Intelligent Machines: The Tangled Knot of Affective Cognition}, booktitle = {Emotional Machines. Perspectives from Affective Computing and Emotional Human-Machine Interaction}, number = {Technikzuk{\"u}nfte, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft / Futures of Technology, Science and Society}, year = {2023}, publisher = {Springer VS}, organization = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, abstract = {Research in neurobiology has provided evidence that emotions pervade human intelligence at many levels. However, {\textquotedblleft}emotion{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}cognition{\textquotedblright} are still largely conceptualized as separate notions that {\textquotedblleft}interact{\textquotedblright}, and untangling and modeling those interactions remains a challenge, both in biological and artificial systems. My research focuses on modeling in autonomous robots how {\textquotedblleft}cognition{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}motivation{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}emotion{\textquotedblright} interact in what we could term embodied affective cognition, and particularly investigating how affect lies at the root of and drives how agents apprehend and interact with the world, making them {\textquotedblleft}intelligent{\textquotedblright} in the sense of being able to adapt to their environments in flexible and beneficial ways. In this chapter, I discuss this issue as I illustrate how my embodied model of affect has been used in my group to ground a broad range of affective, cognitive and social skills such as adaptive action selection, different types of learning, development, and social interaction.}, isbn = {978-3-658-37640-6}, issn = {2524-3764}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-37641-3_6}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37641-3_6}, author = {Ca{\~n}amero, L.}, editor = {Misselhorn, C. and Poljan{\v s}ek, T. and St{\"o}rzinger, T. and M. Klein} } @inproceedings {2021, title = {Induction of the being-seen-feeling by an embodied conversational agent in a socially interactive context}, booktitle = {21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents}, year = {2021}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, month = {09/2021}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03342893/document}, author = {Micka{\"e}lla Grondin-Verdon and Nezih Younsi and Michele Grimaldi and Catherine Pelachaud and Laurence Chaby and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @article {2016, title = {Outline of a sensory-motor perspective on intrinsically moral agents}, journal = {Adaptive Behavior}, volume = {24}, year = {2016}, note = {Download}, pages = {306{\textendash}319 }, publisher = {SAGE}, abstract = {We propose that moral behaviour of artificial agents could (and should) be intrinsically grounded in their own sensory-motor experiences. Such an ability depends critically on seven types of competencies. First, intrinsic morality should be grounded in the internal values of the robot arising from its physiology and embodiment. Second, the moral principles of robots should develop through their interactions with the environment and with other agents. Third, we claim that the dynamics of moral (or social) emotions closely follows that of other non-social emotions used in valuation and decision making. Fourth, we explain how moral emotions can be learned from the observation of others. Fifth, we argue that to assess social interaction, a robot should be able to learn about and understand responsibility and causation. Sixth, we explain how mechanisms that can learn the consequences of actions are necessary for a robot to make moral decisions. Seventh, we describe how the moral evaluation mechanisms outlined can be extended to situations where a robot should understand the goals of others. Finally, we argue that these competencies lay the foundation for robots that can feel guilt, shame and pride, that have compassion and that know how to assign responsibility and blame.}, doi = {10.1177/1059712316667203}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1059712316667203}, author = {Christian Balkenius and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Philip P{\"a}rnamets and Birger Johansson and Martin V Butz and Andreas Olsson} } @article {2016, title = {Towards Long-Term Social Child-Robot Interaction: Using Multi-Activity Switching to Engage Young Users}, journal = {Journal of Human-Robot Interaction}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, pages = {32{\textendash}67}, abstract = {Social robots have the potential to provide support in a number of practical domains, such as learning and behaviour change. This potential is particularly relevant for children, who have proven receptive to interactions with social robots. To reach learning and therapeutic goals, a number of issues need to be investigated, notably the design of an effective child-robot interaction (cHRI) to ensure the child remains engaged in the relationship and that educational goals are met. Typically, current cHRI research experiments focus on a single type of interaction activity (e.g. a game). However, these can suffer from a lack of adaptation to the child, or from an increasingly repetitive nature of the activity and interaction. In this paper, we motivate and propose a practicable solution to this issue: an adaptive robot able to switch between multiple activities within single interactions. We describe a system that embodies this idea, and present a case study in which diabetic children collaboratively learn with the robot about various aspects of managing their condition. We demonstrate the ability of our system to induce a varied interaction and show the potential of this approach both as an educational tool and as a research method for long-term cHRI.}, issn = {2163-0364}, doi = {10.5898/JHRI.5.1.Coninx}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5898/JHRI.5.1.Coninx}, author = {Coninx, Alexandre and Paul E. Baxter and Oleari, Elettra and Bellini, Sara and Bierman, Bert and Henkemans, Olivier Blanson and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Cosi, Piero and Valentin Enescu and Espinoza, Raquel Ros and Antoine Hiolle and Remi Humbert and Kiefer, Bernd and Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana and Looije, Rosmarijn and Mosconi, Marco and Mark A. Neerincx and Giulio Paci and Patsis, Georgios and Pozzi, Clara and Sacchitelli, Francesca and Hichem Sahli and Alberto Sanna and Sommavilla, Giacomo and Tesser, Fabio and Yiannis Demiris and Tony Belpaeme} } @inproceedings {3, title = {An Embodied AI Approach to Individual Differences: Supporting Self-Efficacy in Diabetic Children with an Autonomous Robot}, booktitle = {Proc. 7th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR-2015)}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {2015}, note = {Download (or Download authors{\textquoteright} draft)}, pages = {401{\textendash}410}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {In this paper we discuss how a motivationally autonomous robot, designed using the principles of embodied AI, provides a suitable approach to address individual differences of children interacting with a robot, without having to explicitly modify the system. We do this in the context of two pilot studies using Robin, a robot to support self-confidence in diabetic children.}, isbn = {978-3-319-25553-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-25554-5_40}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007\%2F978-3-319-25554-5_40}, author = {Lewis, Matthew and Oleari, Elettra and Pozzi, Clara and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Tapus, Adriana and Andr{\'e}, Elisabeth and Martin, Jean-Claude and Ferland, Fran{\c c}ois and Ammi, Mehdi} } @inproceedings {2015, title = {Let{\textquoteright}s Be Friends: Perception of a Social Robotic Companion for children with T1DM}, booktitle = {Proc. New Friends 2015}, year = {2015}, note = {Download full proceedings (PDF)}, month = {10/2015}, pages = {32{\textendash}33}, address = {Almere, The Netherlands}, abstract = {We describe the social characteristics of a robot developed to support children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) in the process of education and care. We evaluated the perception of the robot at a summer camp where diabetic children aged 10-14 experienced the robot in group interactions. Children in the intervention condition additionally interacted with it also individually, in one-to-one sessions featuring several game-like activities. These children perceived the robot significantly more as a friend than those in the control group. They also readily engaged with it in dialogues about their habits related to healthy lifestyle as well as personal experiences concerning diabetes. This indicates that the one-on-one interactions added a special quality to the relationship of the children with the robot.}, url = {https://mheerink.home.xs4all.nl/pdf/ProceedingsNF2015-3.pdf}, author = {Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana and Oleari, Elettra and Pozzi, Clara and Sacchitelli, Francesca and Bagherzadhalimi, Anahita and Bellini, Sara and Kiefer, Bernd and Racioppa, Stefania and Coninx, Alexandre and Paul E. Baxter and Bierman, Bert and Henkemans, Olivier Blanson and Mark A. Neerincx and Rosemarijn Looije and Yiannis Demiris and Espinoza, Raquel Ros and Mosconi, Marco and Cosi, Piero and Remi Humbert and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Hichem Sahli and Joachim de Greeff and James Kennedy and Robin Read and Lewis, Matthew and Antoine Hiolle and Giulio Paci and Sommavilla, Giacomo and Tesser, Fabio and Athanasopoulos, Georgios and Patsis, Georgios and Verhelst, Werner and Alberto Sanna and Tony Belpaeme} } @inproceedings {2014, title = {Natural Emotion Elicitation for Emotion Modeling in Child-Robot Interactions}, booktitle = {Proc. 4th Workshop on Child Computer Interaction (WOCCI 2014)}, year = {2014}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, pages = {51{\textendash}56}, publisher = {ICSA}, organization = {ICSA}, address = {Singapore}, abstract = {Obtaining spontaneous emotional expressions is the very first and vital step in affective computing studies, for both psychologists and computer scientists. However, it is quite challenging to record them in real life, especially when certain modalities are required (e.g. 3D representation of the body). Traditional elicitation and capturing protocols either introduce the awareness of the recording, which may impair the naturalness of the behaviors, or cause too much information loss. In this paper, we present natural emotion elicitation and recording experiments, which were set in child-robot interaction scenarios. Several state-of-the-art technologies were employed to acquire the multi-modal expressive data that will be further used for emotion modeling and recognition studies. The obtained recordings exhibit the expected emotional expressions.}, url = {https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/wocci_2014/wc14_051.html}, author = {Wang, Weiyi and Athanasopoulos, Georgios and Yilmazyildiz, Selma and Patsis, Georgios and Valentin Enescu and Hichem Sahli and Verhelst, Werner and Antoine Hiolle and Lewis, Matthew and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inproceedings {2013, title = {SimianWorld {\textendash} A Study of Social Organisation Using an Artificial Life Model}, booktitle = {Advances in Artificial Life, ECAL 2013}, year = {2013}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, pages = {633{\textendash}640}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Taormina, Italy}, abstract = {In studies of social behaviour it is commonly assumed that individual complexity is the origin of intricate social interactions. In primates for example, social complexity is attributed to their intelligence and it is argued by many that the cognitive capacity of primates are especially manifest in the way they regulate their social relationships. Whereas the complex societies of non-human primates are considered to be as a direct result of their cognitive abilities this assumption is not made about social insects. In the absence of certain cognitive abilities their complex societies and structurally sophisticated nests are thought to arise from self-organisation. Since it is unlikely that cognitive capacities are all-or-nothing, usually integrating a range of mechanisms, it is possible that different species use similar cognitive mechanisms resulting in different behavioural outcomes.}, isbn = {9780262317092}, doi = {10.7551/978-0-262-31709-2-ch090}, url = {https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/978-0-262-31709-2-ch090}, author = {Sue Attwood and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Ren{\'e} te Boekhorst}, editor = {Pietro Li{\`o} and Orazio Miglino and Giuseppe Nicosia and Stefano Nolfi and Mario Pavone} } @article {2012, title = {Multimodal Child-Robot Interaction: Building Social Bonds}, journal = {Journal of Human-Robot Interaction}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, pages = {33{\textendash}53}, abstract = {For robots to interact effectively with human users they must be capable of coordinated, timely behavior in response to social context. The Adaptive Strategies for Sustainable Long-Term Social Interaction (ALIZ-E) project focuses on the design of long-term, adaptive social interaction between robots and child users in real-world settings. In this paper, we report on the iterative approach taken to scientific and technical developments toward this goal: advancing individual technical competencies and integrating them to form an autonomous robotic system for evaluation {\textquotedblleft}in the wild.{\textquotedblright} The first evaluation iterations have shown the potential of this methodology in terms of adaptation of the robot to the interactant and the resulting influences on engagement. This sets the foundation for an ongoing research program that seeks to develop technologies for social robot companions.}, doi = {10.5898/JHRI.1.2.Belpaeme}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3109688.3109691}, author = {Tony Belpaeme and Paul E. Baxter and Robin Read and Rachel Wood and Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto and Kiefer, Bernd and Racioppa, Stefania and Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana and Athanasopoulos, Georgios and Valentin Enescu and Rosemarijn Looije and Mark A. Neerincx and Yiannis Demiris and Raquel Ros-Espinoza and Aryel Beck and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Lewis, Matthew and Baroni, Ilaria and Nalin, Marco and Cosi, Piero and Giulio Paci and Tesser, Fabio and Sommavilla, Giacomo and Remi Humbert} } @inbook {2010, title = {Emotion et cognition: les robots comme outils et mod{\`e}les}, booktitle = {Syst{\`e}mes d{\textquoteright}interaction {\'e}motionnelle}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Lavoisier Hermes Science}, organization = {Lavoisier Hermes Science}, chapter = {9}, address = {Paris, France}, isbn = {978-2-7462-2115-4}, author = {Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Philippe Gaussier and C Hasson and Antoine Hiolle}, editor = {Catherine Pelachaud} } @inproceedings {2008, title = {Evolving Morphological and Behavioral Diversity Without Predefined Behavior Primitives}, booktitle = {Artificial Life XI: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems}, year = {2008}, month = {08/2008}, pages = {474{\textendash}481}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Winchester, UK}, abstract = {Virtual ecosystems, where natural selection is used to evolve complex agent behavior, are often preferred to traditional genetic algorithms because the absence of an explicitly defined fitness allows for a less constrained evolutionary process. However, these model ecosystems typically pre-specify a discrete set of possible action primitives the agents can perform. We think that this also constrains the evolutionary process with the modellers preconceptions of what possible solutions could be. Therefore, we propose an ecosystem model to evolve complete agents where all higher-level behavior results strictly from the interplay between extremely simple components and where no {\textquoteleft}behavior primitives{\textquoteright} are defined. On the basis of four distinct survival strategies we show that such primitives are not necessary to evolve behavioral diversity even in a simple and homogeneous environment.}, isbn = {978-0-262-75017-2}, url = {https://mitpress-request.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/alife/0262287196chap62.pdf}, author = {Pichler, Peter-Paul and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Seth Bullock and Jason Noble and Richard A. Watson and Mark A Bedau} } @inbook {2007, title = {Anticipating Rewards in Continuous Time and Space: A Case Study in Developmental Robotics}, booktitle = {Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems: From Brains to Individual and Social Behavior}, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, volume = {4520}, year = {2007}, pages = {267{\textendash}284}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, abstract = {This paper presents the first basic principles, implementation and experimental results of what could be regarded as a new approach to reinforcement learning, where agents{\textemdash}physical robots interacting with objects and other agents in the real world{\textemdash}can learn to anticipate rewards using their sensory inputs. Our approach does not need discretization, notion of events, or classification, and instead of learning rewards for the different possible actions of an agent in all the situations, we propose to make agents learn only the main situations worth avoiding and reaching. However, the main focus of our work is not reinforcement learning as such, but modeling cognitive development on a small autonomous robot interacting with an {\textquotedblleft}adult{\textquotedblright} caretaker, typically a human, in the real world; the control architecture follows a Perception-Action approach incorporating a basic homeostatic principle. This interaction occurs in very close proximity, uses very coarse and limited sensory-motor capabilities, and affects the {\textquotedblleft}well-being{\textquotedblright} and affective state of the robot. The type of anticipatory behavior we are concerned with in this context relates to both sensory and reward anticipation. We have applied and tested our model on a real robot.}, isbn = {978-3-540-74261-6}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-74262-3_15}, url = {https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540742616}, author = {Arnaud J Blanchard and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Martin V Butz and Olivier Sigaud and Giovanni Pezzulo and Gianluca Baldassarre} } @inproceedings {2007, title = {Biasing Neural Networks Towards Exploration or Exploitation Using Neuromodulation}, booktitle = {Proc. 17th International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN 2007), Part II}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {4669}, year = {2007}, month = {09/2007}, pages = {889{\textendash}898}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, address = {Porto, Portugal}, abstract = {Taking neuromodulation as a mechanism underlying emotions, this paper investigates how such a mechanism can bias an artificial neural network towards exploration of new courses of action, as seems to be the case in positive emotions, or exploitation of known possibilities, as in negative emotions such as predatory fear. We use neural networks of spiking leaky integrate-and-fire neurons acting as minimal disturbance systems, and test them with continuous actions. The networks have to balance the activations of all their output neurons concurrently. We have found that having the middle layer modulate the output layer helps balance the activations of the output neurons. A second discovery is that when the network is modulated in this way, it performs better at tasks requiring the exploitation of actions that are found to be rewarding. This is complementary to previous findings where having the input layer modulate the middle layer biases the network towards exploration of alternative actions. We conclude that a network can be biased towards either exploration of exploitation depending on which layers are being modulated.}, isbn = {978-3-540-74695-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-74695-9_91}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-74695-9_91}, author = {Parussel, Karla and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {de S{\'a}, Joaquim Marques and Alexandre, Lu{\'\i}s A. and Duch, W{\l}odzis{\l}aw and Mandic, Danilo} } @inproceedings {2007, title = {A Bottom-Up Investigation of Emotional Modulation in Competitive Scenarios}, booktitle = {Proc. Second International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII 2007)}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = {4738}, year = {2007}, month = {09/2007}, pages = {398{\textendash}409}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, address = {Lisbon, Portugal}, abstract = {In this paper, we take an incremental, bottom-up approach to investigate plausible mechanisms underlying emotional modulation of behavior selection and their adaptive value in autonomous robots. We focus in particular on achieving adaptive behavior selection in competitive robotic scenarios through modulation of perception, drawing on the notion of biological hormones. We discuss results from testing our architectures in two different competitive robotic scenarios.}, isbn = {978-3-540-74888-5}, issn = {0302-9743}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-74889-2_35}, author = {Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Avila-Garc{\'\i}a, Orlando}, editor = {Ana C R Paiva and Rui Prada and Rosalind W Picard} } @inproceedings {2007, title = {Developing Sensorimotor Associations Through Attachment Bonds}, booktitle = {Proc. 7th International Conference on Epigenetic Robotics (EpiRob 2007)}, series = {Lund University Cognitive Studies}, volume = {134}, year = {2007}, pages = {45{\textendash}52}, publisher = {Lund University}, organization = {Lund University}, address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA}, abstract = {Attachment bonds and positive affect help cognitive development and social interactions in infants and animals. In this paper we present a neural architecture to enable a robot to develop an attachment bond with a person or an object, and to discover the correct sensorimotor associations to maintain a desired affective state of well-being using a minimum amount of prior knowledge about the possible interactions with this object. We also discuss how our research on attachment bonds could further developmental robotics in the near future.}, isbn = {91-974741-8-5}, issn = {1101-8453}, url = {https://www.lucs.lu.se/LUCS/135/Hiolle.pdf}, author = {Antoine Hiolle and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Luc Berthouze and C G Prince and M Littman and Hideki Kozima and Christian Balkenius} } @inproceedings {2007, title = {An Evolving Ecosystems Approach to Generating Complex Agent Behaviour}, booktitle = {Proc. IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life 2007, ALIFE{\textquoteright}07}, year = {2007}, month = {04/2007}, pages = {303{\textendash}310}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = { Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {We propose an evolving ecosystem approach to evolving complex agent behaviour based on the principle of natural selection. The agents start with very limited functional design and morphology and neural controllers are concurrently evolved as functional wholes. The agents are {\textquoteleft}grounded{\textquoteright} in an increasingly complex environment by a complex model metabolism and interaction dynamics. Furthermore, we introduce a novel criterion for evaluating differential reproductive success aimed at maximising evolutionary freedom. We also present first experimental results suggesting that this approach may be conducive to widening the scope of artificial evolution for the generation of agents exhibiting non-trivial behaviours in a complex ecosystem.}, isbn = {1-4244-0701-X}, issn = {2160-6374}, doi = {10.1109/ALIFE.2007.367810}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4218900/}, author = {Pichler, Peter-Paul and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inproceedings {2007, title = {Learning to Interact with the Caretaker: A Developmental Approach}, booktitle = {Proc. Second International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII 2007)}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = {4738}, year = {2007}, month = {09/2007}, pages = {422{\textendash}433}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, address = {Lisbon, Portugal}, abstract = {To build autonomous robots able to live and interact with humans in a real-world dynamic and uncertain environment, the design of architectures permitting robots to develop attachment bonds to humans and use them to build their own model of the world is a promising avenue, not only to improve human-robot interaction and adaptation to the environment, but also as a way to develop further cognitive and emotional capabilities. In this paper we present a neural architecture to enable a robot to develop an attachment bond with a person or an object, and to discover the correct sensorimotor associations to maintain a desired affective state of well-being using a minimum amount of prior knowledge about the possible interactions with this object.}, isbn = {978-3-540-74888-5}, issn = {0302-9743}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-74889-2_37}, author = {Antoine Hiolle and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Arnaud J Blanchard}, editor = {Ana C R Paiva and Rui Prada and Rosalind W Picard} } @article {2006, title = {Achieving Human-Like Qualities in Interactive Virtual and Physical Humanoids, Special issue of the International Journal of Humanoid Robotics}, year = {2006}, issn = {0219-8436}, editor = {Catherine Pelachaud and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inproceedings {2005, title = {The Degree of Potential Damage in Agonistic Contests and its Effects on Social Aggression, Territoriality and Display Evolution}, booktitle = {Proc. 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2005)}, year = {2005}, pages = {351{\textendash}358}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Edinburgh, Scotland}, isbn = {0-7803-9363-5}, author = {Robert Lowe and Nehaniv, Chrystopher L and Daniel Polani and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inproceedings {2005, title = {Ecological Integration of Affordances and Drives for Behaviour Selection}, booktitle = {Proc. IJCAI 2005 Workshop on Modeling Natural Action Selection}, year = {2005}, pages = {225{\textendash}228}, address = {Edinburgh, Scotland}, abstract = {This paper shows a study of the integration of physiology and perception in a biologically inspired robotic architecture that learns behavioural patterns by interaction with the environment. This implements a hierarchical view of learning and behaviour selection which bases adaptation on a relationship between reinforcement and the agent{\textquoteright}s inner motivations. This view ingrains together the basic principles necessary to explain the underlying processes of learning behavioural patterns and the way these change via interaction with the environment. These principles have been experimentally tested and the results are presented and discussed throughout the paper.}, isbn = {1-902956-40-9}, author = {Cos-Aguilera, Ignasi and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Gillian M Hayes and Gillies, Andrew}, editor = {Joanna J Bryson and Tony J Prescott and Anil K Seth} } @inproceedings {2004, title = {The Evolution of Affect-Related Displays, Recognition and Related Strategies}, booktitle = {ALIFE IX: Proceeding of the 9th international conference on the simulation and synthesis of living systems}, year = {2004}, pages = {176{\textendash}181}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, abstract = {This paper presents an ecologically motivated, bottom-up approach to investigating the evolution of expression, perception and related behaviour of affective internal states that complements game-theoretic studies of the evolutionary success of animal display. Our results show that the perception of displays related to affect greatly influences both the types of display produced and also the survival prospects of agents. Relative to agents that do not perceive rival agent internal state, affect perceivers prosper if the initial environment in which they reside provides numerous opportunities for interaction with other agents and resources. Conversely, where the initial environment with sparse resources does not allow for regular interaction, ability to perceive affect is not as facilitatory to survival. Furthermore, the agents evolve particular display strategies distorting the expression of affect and greatly influencing the proportion of affect perceiving to nonaffect perceiving agents over evolutionary time.}, isbn = {9780262661836}, author = {Robert Lowe and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Nehaniv, Chrystopher L and Daniel Polani}, editor = {Jordan Pollack and Mark A Bedau and Phil Husbands and Takashi Ikegami and Richard A. Watson} } @inproceedings {2004, title = {Strategies in the Evolution of Affect Related Displays and Recognition}, booktitle = {The Logic Of Artificial Life: Abstracting and Synthesizing the Principles of Living Systems; Proc. 6th German Workshop on Artificial Life 2004}, year = {2004}, publisher = {IOS Press}, organization = {IOS Press}, address = {Bamberg, Germany}, abstract = {A more realistic alternative to the game theoretic approach to measuring the behavioural success of animal display can be represented by affect related expression and perception The current paper investigates the ways in which agents can use evolved affect related displays to manipulate the behaviour of affect perceiving rival agents to their survival advantage. }, author = {Robert Lowe and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Nehaniv, Chrystopher L and Daniel Polani}, editor = {Harald Schaub and Frank Detje and Ulrike Br{\"u}ggermann} } @inbook {2003, title = {Designing emotions for activity selection in autonomous agents}, booktitle = {Emotions in Humans and Artifacts}, year = {2003}, pages = {115{\textendash}148}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {This chapter advocates a "bottom-up" philosophy for the design of emotional systems for autonomous agents that is guided by functional concerns and considers the particular case of designing emotions as mechanisms for action selection. The concrete realization of these ideas implies that the design process must start with an analysis of the requirements that the features of the environment, the characteristics of the action-selection task, and the agent architecture impose on the emotional system. This is particularly important if we see emotions as mechanisms that aim at modifying or maintaining the relation of the agent with its (external and internal) environment (rather than modifying the environment itself) in order to preserve the agent{\textquoteright}s goals. Emotions can then be selected and designed according to the roles they play with respect to this relation. }, isbn = {9780262201421}, author = {Ca{\~n}amero, Lola D}, editor = {Robert Trappl and Paolo Petta and Sabine Payr} } @inproceedings {2002, title = {Meaningful Information, Sensor Evolution, and the Temporal Horizon of Embodied Organisms}, booktitle = {Artificial Life VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Artificial Life}, year = {2002}, pages = {345{\textendash}349}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, abstract = {We survey and outline how an agent-centered, information-theoretic approach to meaningful information extending classical Shannon information theory by means of utility measures relevant for the goals of particular agents can be applied to sensor evolution for real and constructed organisms. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship of this approach to the programme of freeing artificial life and robotic systems from reactivity, by describing useful types of information with broader temporal horizon, for signaling, communication, affective grounding, two-process learning, individual learning, imitation and social learning, and episodic experiential information (memories, narrative, and culturally transmitted information).}, isbn = {9780262692816}, author = {Nehaniv, Chrystopher L and Daniel Polani and Kerstin Dautenhahn and Ren{\'e} te Boekhorst and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Russell Standish and Mark A Bedau and Hussein A Abbass} } @article {2001, title = {Emotions and Adaptation in Autonomous Agents: A Design Perspective}, journal = {Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, pages = {507{\textendash}529}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {Why would we want to endow artificial autonomous agents with emotions? The main answer to this question seems to rely on what has been called the functional view of emotions, arising from (analytic) studies of natural systems. In this paper, I examine to what extent this hypothesis can be applied to the (synthetic) investigation of artificial emotions and what are its implications for the design of emotional agents, the main approaches that can be appropriately used to model emotions in autonomous agents, and why situated autonomous agents provide a good framework to study the relation between emotion and adaptation.}, issn = {0196-9722}, doi = {10.1080/01969720120250}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01969720120250}, author = {Ca{\~n}amero, Lola D}, editor = {Ca{\~n}amero, Lola D and Paolo Petta} } @article {2001, title = {Grounding Emotions in Adaptive Systems. Volume I}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, issn = {0196-9722}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ucbs20/32/5}, editor = {Ca{\~n}amero, Lola D and Paolo Petta} } @article {2001, title = {Grounding Emotions in Adaptive Systems. Volume II}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, issn = {0196-9722}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ucbs20/32/6}, editor = {Ca{\~n}amero, Lola D and Paolo Petta} } @proceedings {1998, title = {Grounding Emotions in Adaptive Systems. Papers of the workshop held during the Fifth International Conference of The Society for Adaptive Behavior (SAB{\textquoteright}98)}, year = {1998}, address = {University of Zurich, Switzerland}, url = {http://www.ofai.at/~paolo.petta/conf/sab98/sab98ws.html}, editor = {D Ca{\~n}amero and Chisato Numaoka and Paolo Petta} }